A Report On A Cox Model Essay - 1502 Words

A Cox model is a well-recognized statistical technique for exploring the relationship between the survival of a patient and several explanatory variables. A Cox model provides an estimate of the treatment effect on survival after adjustment for other explanatory variables. It allows us to estimate the hazard (or risk) of death, or other event of interest, for individuals, given their prognostic variables. Interpreting a Cox model involves examining the coefficients for each explanatory variable. A positive regression coefficient for an explanatory variable means that the hazard for patient having a high positive value on that particular variable is high. Conversely, a negative regression coefficient implies a better prognosis for patients with higher values of that variable. Cox’s method does not assume any particular distribution for the survival times, but it rather assumes that the effects of the different variables on survival are constant over time and are additive in a particular scale [17]. The hazard function is the probability that an individual will experience an event (for example, death) within a small time interval, given that the individual has survived up to the beginning of the interval. In this model the unique effect of a per-unit increase in a variable or covariate is assumed to be multiplicative with respect to the hazard rate [18]. For example, taking a drug may halve one s hazard rate for a stroke occurring, or, changing the material from which aShow MoreRelatedA Report On A Cox Model1349 Words   |  6 PagesA Cox model is a statistical method used for exploring the relationship between the survival of a patient and several risk variables. A Cox model provides an estimate of the therapeutic procedure effect on survival afte r adjustment for other explanatory variables. It allows to estimate the risk of mortality, or other events of interest, for patients, given their prognostic variables. Cox model analysis involves examining the coefficients for each variable. A positive regression coefficient for anRead MoreMotivational Model Of Alcohol Use A Drinking Consumption Of Over 5 Drinks926 Words   |  4 Pagesfor young people. Broadly speaking, there are two motivational models of alcohol use (Cooper, 1994). One is the particular Motivational Model of Alcohol Use developed by Cox and Klinger in 1988, which presume that people drink in order to achieve an anticipative need. It promotes individuals to make decisions combined by emotional and rational thinking about whether to drink or not (Cox Klinger, 1988). The other motivational model is the assumption that drinking behavior caused by difference isRead MoreWhy Reform Is Necessary And Should Indeed Take Place Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesintervention would be successful however it’s not as simple as that. Reform in the United Nations Security Council is not a new thing as it happened before in 1963 where a resolution pass for increasing the number of non-permanent members from six to ten (Cox, 2009: 102). This proves, for those who argue for reform, that indeed it is possible and because it has been done before, there is nothing stopping it from happening again. Like I said before, the main focus of Security Council reform has been representationRead MoreAn Essential Component Of Innate Immunity1375 Words   |  6 Pagesleads to inflamed synovial membrane and joint destruction [2]. The presence of macrophages at the site of inflammation can be further evident by elevated levels of macrophage derived inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-ÃŽ ±, IL-1ÃŽ ², IL-6 and COX-2 [3, 4]. Therefore, inhibition of these inflammatory mediators can helps in ameliorating inflammatory condition. Conventional treatment options for the treatment of inflammatory conditions mainly consists of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsRead MorePricing The Bond Option Of Vasicek And Cir Models1629 Words   |  7 PagesPricing the Bond option in Vasicek and CIR models Name: Huajun Liu Professor: Marco Pereira Course: Math 624 Date: 2016/12/18 1. Abstract This report is aimed to describe how we will use Python to build an application to price risky bond and the European options of the bond in stochastic hazard rate and interest rate models. We are going to simulate the path of interest rate using CIR model and simulate the path of hazard rate using Vasicek model. Then we will get the survival function from simulatedRead MorePropensity Score Matching And Time Varying Confounding1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe propensity score matched cohort. Using Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regression models I will estimate crude HRs and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs of the association between statin use and VTE. Stratified analyses on relevant confounders will be conducted to examine effect measure modification (EMM). When stratum-specific estimates differ, I will conclude EMM is present and report stratum-specific estimates rather than pooled estimates. Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regressionRead MoreDeveloping A Financial Plan Development Model1133 Words   |  5 Pagesstudent-athletes, located in Hampton, Virginia (Baskerville, C., 2015). This paper will provide readers with a two-year financial plan for the proposed program using step VII: Develop the Financial Management Plan, of Calley’s Comprehensive Program Development model as a guide (2011). Developing a financial plan requires an understanding of the program’s projected expenditures and revenues, which leads to program sustainability through financial management (2011). The plan will include projected expendituresRead MoreEvaluation of Various Numerical Methods for Option Pricing Model638 Words   |  3 Pagesunavailable or not easily computable. The subject of numerical methods in option pricing is very broad. A wide range of contracts exist and in many cases several models can be applied in the valuation. Although the option valuation has been studied at least since nineteenth century, the contemporary approach is based on the Black-Scholes model which was first published in 1973. Fischer Black and Myron Scholes derived a partial differential equation, now called Black-Scholes equation, which governs theRead MoreReentry Is The Process Of Returning1515 Words   |  7 Pagesculture shock. Sussman (2002) and Cox (2004) attempted to categorize individual’s cultural identity responses where Adler (1981) and Pusch (1998) created comprehensive models for classifying potential modes of reentry. Hammer, Hart and Rogan (1998) connect prior experience outside a person’s typical home environment as positively influencing transition. Other studies find no relationship between prior cultural experience and positive or ease in the reentry process (Cox, 2004). A strong self-image isRead MoreStatistical Methods Used for the Analysis of Data2053 Words   |  8 Pagesof examples as below , In finance for instant (loan performance), borrowers taking a loan for a specific period of time are they paid their installment or stop or escape for any reason and back to repay again and other scenarios can be done in such model. In economic, for instant firm performance over time and which one can survive and which one exit from market and how long takes them in to exit, another example in a same field could be, retirement or time to find a job in time period and hoe long

Wild, Near The Beginning Of Cheryl Strayed s Adventure On...

In the book Wild, near the beginning of Cheryl Strayed’s adventure on the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT), two of her trail mates quickly became bedridden with a waterborne parasite and had to be taken to the hospital (Strayed 114). This scene reminds us the dangers of drinking water when among nature. Even experienced hikers can spend weeks finding the perfect water filter, only to end their adventure early, crippled by a waterborne disease. Without the safety of civilization, simple things like safe drinking water, staying warm, eating enough food, and staying on the trail can prove difficult. Why exposure oneself to these dangers? As seen on the adventures of both Cheryl and Chris, they travel away from society in order to deal with their own, personal inner-conflicts. Cheryl travels the Pacific Crest Trail and is faced with many life-threatening situations, hoping to find peace after her mother’s death. In Into the Wild, Chris McCandless travels to the Alaskan bush where he attempts to live off the land, hoping to understand both himself and society better through the experience. These characters gain confidence, knowledge, and inner peace through their time alone with nature. If we note the sections of these books where the characters are alone in nature, we can read both books as parallel statements on the peace restoring power of traveling alone through. In the book Wild, Cheryl Strayed removes herself from society in order to travel the PCT alone. She faced

The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation...

The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On [1] Hollywood is no longer just a name, it is a business, a living entity holding America’s people in its grasp, and it is not about to let them go. Gradually taking on more responsibility and trying to build up its reputation over the years, Hollywood has progressively assumed the position of history-teller for the American public. This role, whether or not an appropriate one for an industry such as Hollywood to tackle, has catapulted actors and actresses into high paying, high visibility positions. History has and will continue to be one of the main subjects that the movie industry has been fascinated with. It is an alive and very fragile†¦show more content†¦The debate over cinematic history still remains, and it will continue to challenge Hollywood, constantly forcing the industry to make the best possible movies, producing historical epics on the big screen, making history a universal and personable subject. [3] In 1993, a small-time director at HBO Productions thought it was about time that a movie was made discussing the broad, taboo topic of the AIDS epidemic. Roger Spottiswoode was the director, and he took author Randy Shilts’ controversial journal And The Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic (1987) and turned it into a movie. Spottiswoode took the challenge facing Hollywood straight on and was bold enough to attempt a project that had been passed over and rejected for six years straight. From the beginning to end And The Band Played On was a fight. Spottiswoode fought for HBO to take the project on, and he fought with Hollywood to try to entice actors to participate in it. The fight continued after the release of the cable TV movie, with critics and the public simply not wanting to know or be informed of the truth. [4] With controversy surrounding the production of the movie, the fight seeped into the movie and its evidence in the story. The portrayal of the actors and the fight that each character undergoes is an illustration of the fight that AIDS forced our country to face in the early 1980’s. With Richard Gere’s

Christian Faithfulness and Homosexuality †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Christian Faithfulness and Homosexuality. Answer: Introduction The following essay is about the ethical things in Christianity and the relevance of politics in connection to politics. There are certain matters on why should the Christians always be cautious in participating in politics. The Christians have to be very much ethical in whatever things they do and justify their actions to the state and the church. There is an up and down relation between the church and state all through. This relationship has to be viewed in this essay as well. The state is the governing body or the state takes care of the people of the country and the Church instigates in the way the people should act, behave and present themselves in front of the others. There have been many conflicts between the state and the church regarding their viewpoints about certain things (Kim, McCalman Fisher, 2012). The church sees and views an issue from the prospect of the Bible or the sayings of Jesus but the state views the issues from the humanistic perspectives because they have to be justified about their activities all the time. In this case, the issue of homosexual marriage has to be discussed in connection to the relationship between church and the state. There are certain ways by which a Christian can get engaged in politics (McGrath, 2016). It has been said that religion and politics do not mix with each other. Therefore, the believers must not engage in direct politics According to the Bible, people can have two stands between the politics and government. The Bible has said the God has the right to take the decision about the various aspects of life. Not only has everyone, God had the right to take the decisions about everything as well. It has also said that the plan of God is static and it cannot be altered by any means (Inge, 2017). The will of God will be implemented by any means and the government has no power to stop that from being implemented (Daniel 4:34-35). Even it can be said that kings are set up and deposed by the will of God as well (Daniel 2:21). It can also be interpreted in this context that politics is nothing but an instrument through which god imposes His various wishes on the human beings and the society (Elio t, 2014). Many times it has been seen that God some people have always used politics to gain power and use it for the evil purposes. God has always meant it for the good purposes only (Romans 8:28). Another aspect that may be considered is the aspect that government cannot save human beings from the hands of damnation but it is only in the hands of God that mankind can be saved. It has never been seen in the New Testament that Jesus or any of his apostles had been engaged in the planning ways to reform the pagan world of the evil practices in the Christianity (Brown, 2015). The apostles of Jesus never had wasted their times in protesting against the unjust and unlawful actions of the Roman Empire or the brutal things they had done. It is the duty of the subjects to obey the rules and regulations of the government and they should always be the examples of the good citizens (Romans 13:1-2). Such things have been discussed in the context of the politics and how the Christians should be engaged (Johnson, 2012). The church has some God-given purposes that is not that much appropriate in the age of the political activism. The believers in active Christianity should not engage in or sp end their time, money and energy in practicing the governmental affairs (Marshall, 2014). The Christian believers have lived and made their ways in the repressive pagan governments till they gained the supremacy in their fields. Some people had been successful to regain their cultural and religious faith despite the political and governmental pressures in several countries (Cochrane, 2015). The active participants in Christianity must believe that they had been the ones chosen for showing the light to the people towards salvation and it is not the government who does so. However, according to the teaching of one of the apostles, Paul, it has been said that the Christians should always obey and honor the governing authorities. Besides, they should also keep faith in Christianity and work according to its sayings. Relationship between the church and the state The church and the state have been the two pillars of the country where the dominant religion has been Christianity (Williams, 2017). Both of them have some specific roles according to which they perform their duties to serve the mankind. They are the chief religious and political institutions respectively. It is from the advent of Christianity that the relationship between the church and the state has been a great matter of concern. This issue has been the one in which the Christians have been very worried and concerned over the ages. The main conflicting thing that has been prevalent in this issue is the one between political activism and religious freedom (Yancey Williamson, 2012). This relationship is very crucial since the people have been confused over this matter. In the earlier centuries, church did not rely on the powers of the state in most of the matters but in case of some of the matters they had to rely on it like the removal of the Bishop. The conditions had changed ra dically and a situation had come when the Church had no financial independence so they had decided to take the financial help from the State. The Church needed to have a support from the King using the money of the state. At one time, Crusades began and the Church had its own army because the Pope had called the war (Asbridge, 2012). Some theories can be attributed to this relationship between the church and the state. After the Christianity was promoted 4th C.E the Roman Empire had begun to form itself as a Christian Empire soon. The state affairs began to be connected with the Church in a big way and the Church began to develop some theological aspects related to politics to understand the situation better (Sorauf, 2015). According to the primary things of this theory, it is believed that it is the Church who has to cooperate with the state. Eusebius himself had said that Christian Empire should be looked at positively. He also adopted the concept that there should be only one society. That society will be run under the governance of the emperor. One thing must be regarded in this aspect that the emperor must be a Christian (Sorauf, 2015). This theory also shows that the empire should be considered as the victory of Jesus Christ. Idolatry was not that much appreciated in those days. The Empire had promoted the true religion and pressed down the idolatry. The Christian Empire had all the responsibility to look after the church. According to this theory, the churches had very little independence in the world. The Churches in the Eastern part of the world had accepted these theories (Sorauf, 2015). Ambroses theory According to Ambrose, it can be said that the Church has to be independent from the state. The church has to be able to take all the decisions irrespective of the opinions of the Empire or the state. In this theory, the model of the Old Testament had been used. In this model the concept of the high priest and king was used to showcase the relation between the bishop and the emperor (Sorauf, 2015). This theory says that the empire should not possess any control over the church and the Church must have completely independent powers. This should be especially valid on the issues of doctrine. Instead, the Bishop should have the power and call the king so that king can repent for the misdeeds and follow the laws of God. According to Augustine, it can be said that the church and state are the two invisible institutions or forms of the human association. It is believed that the city of God is the earthly city. The people who live in this city love God and love themselves as well. These cities are not visible social institutions so they can be defined by their intention only (Scherer, 2013). In this aspect, it can be said that Christian Church cannot be recognized as something like city of God because the residents of Church are sometimes evil as well. On the other hand, the state does not need to be evil since they have some special duties to perform (Scherer, 2013). The objectives of a state are to secure the goodness of its citizens and the church as well. Christians should be working within the state to help the state so that the state can obtain its objectives. Homosexual marriage and Christian ethics There have been endless debates on how the issues of homosexual marriage or gay marriage should be looked at. From the earlier times, it has been believed that sex has been a gift or blessing of God that has been presented to the human beings or the fulfillment of love (Hill, 2016). This fulfillment of love must be enjoyed between husband and wife. There is no confusion or ambiguity in the interpretation of homosexuality in Bible. The concerned Scripture discusses about it in both implicit and explicit manners and describes it as being falling outside the desire of God. It has been said that all the human beings must speak the truth in love (Ephesians 4:15). The Bible has depicted that there should not be any hatred and or hurting comments towards the people who have experienced the attraction for the same-sex people who recognize themselves as to be gay, lesbian or bisexual people (Hill, 2016). Jesus Christ has taught the people to be sympathetic to everyone as every human being has the basic features of humanity with value and dignity (Jordan, 2013). The people who commit the sexual sin like those of the same-sex couples should be shown dignity also. In Christianity, the priority is bestowed upon pure love itself; the gender factor is not a big matter in that case (Jordan, 2013). The truth about the love should be expressed in a graceful manner properly. However, in case of marriage, there is no room for homosexual marriage since the act of marriage is believed to be a heterosexual activity. There is a divine purpose and design of marriage that has been an integral part of it. It says that God has made male and female for the creation. The man should leave his father and mother and stick to his wife and thus become one flesh. (Mark 10:6-8). It has been observed that there has been many people who believe that heterosexuality is not the one and only legitimate marriage relation that can be transformed into marriage. The sexual preference is an inherent feature of every person and he or she was not given this choice to select between the homosexuality and heterosexuality (Masci Lipka, 2015). All kinds of sexual promiscuity have been prohibited in the Bible. There have been some hermeneutical methods that could help the theological experts to justify the homosexual behavior. This viewpoint about the homosexual marriage belongs to the theory of Augustine because being an invisible institution; Church has fixed some rules about the homosexual marriage. Moreover, there have been no supports from Christian Scriptures about the sexual immorality like homosexual marriage (Masci Lipka, 2015). Conclusion It can be concluded that Christianity has many ethical considering that can be held as essential things in the relevant contexts. Politics is one of the most important things that have been seen with great significance over the time. The engagement in politics for the Christians has many Biblical interpretations. These ethical considerations have been discussed in this scenario. Other important things that have been discussed in this context are the relationship between the church and the state. The church and the state are the two most important pillars in the Christian society. Apart from that, the various theories in the church and state relationship have been discussed in this matter as well. The situation of homosexual marriage in the Christian context has been discussed and it has been found that Christianity does not support any immoral sexual connection that exploits the serenity of man-woman relationship. References Asbridge, T. (2012).The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon and Schuster. Brown, R. E. (2015).An introduction to the New Testament. Yale University Press. Cochrane, C.N., 2015.Christianity and classical culture. Ravenio Books. Eliot, T. S. (2014).The idea of a Christian society. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Hill, W. (2016).Washed and waiting: Reflections on Christian faithfulness and homosexuality. HarperCollins Christian Publishing. Inge, J. (2017).A Christian theology of place. Routledge. Johnson, P. (2012).history of Christianity. Simon and Schuster. Jordan, M. D. (2013).Blessing same-sex unions: The perils of queer romance and the confusions of Christian marriage. University of Chicago Press. Kim, D., McCalman, D., Fisher, D. (2012). The sacred/secular divide and the Christian worldview.Journal of Business Ethics,109(2), 203-208. Marshall, R. (2014). Christianity, anthropology, politics.Current Anthropology,55(S10), S344-S356. Masci, D., Lipka, M. (2015). Where Christian churches, other religions stand on gay marriage.Pew Research Center. McGrath, A. E. (2016).Christian theology: An introduction. John Wiley Sons. Scherer, M. (2013).Beyond Church and State: Democracy, Secularism, and Conversion. Cambridge University Press. Sorauf, F. J. (2015).The wall of separation: The constitutional politics of church and state. Princeton University Press. Williams, J. O. (2017).Church State. Dramatists Play Service, Inc.. Yancey, G., Williamson, D. A. (2012).What Motivates Cultural Progressives?: Understanding Opposition to the Political and Christian Right. Baylor University Press.