Initial Public Offerings Paper Essay Example for Free

Initial ordinary Offerings Paper EssayIn order for a ships company to build their business, many pursue to any merge with an other company or acquisitions from another company. Another option a company should consider when building their business is to make an Initial Public Offering. An initial public offering is the first sale of stock by a company to the public. A company feces raise money by issuing either debt or equity (Know Finance., n.d.). Microsoft, Apple, and Samsung have stepped into the stock market by their IPO. These strides are what it takes to raise money and what roles help the company begin an IPO. just about clubs agree to an initial public offering with an investment banking firm by actioning in the capacity of an underwriter. An investment banker is a person who works in a financial institution that primarily goal is to raise gravid for companies, governments and other entities (Investopedia, n.d.). An underwriter is a person that provides several fi nancial services that includes circumstances with assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for first sales (Investopedia, n.d.). An underwriter responsibility is solelyotting securities issued to the public. There are several risks that are involved in a public offering. Initial public offering stocks is one of the risks involved in public offering (Financial Web, 2014). This is sometimes called going public because the stock is offered first to the public.Share, the risks of the company, can sometimes be profitable, but a risk too. An investor, shareholder, or individual may be at risks if they invest their money within a company that is going public for the first time (Financial Web, 2014). Pricing of good is one of the risks that are involved in a public offering. Pricing goods too game or too low is not acceptable in the public offering. Investors and shareholders will not invest in a company if there are any issues with the pricing. A firm and their inv estors will lose money their money if the price of goods is priced too low. This may cause investors to pull out of the firm corporation (Financial Web, 2014). Loss of income and revenue may sometimes make the underwriters hold the inventory and additional funds.Long holding period and lack of information are other risks that are involved in a public offering. Lack of information may cause investors to pull out of the firm because the firm failed to provide all of the documents and files. Long holding period may cause a decrease in stock price. TheU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) protects the investors, maintain fair, efficient markets, orderly, and facilitate capital formation (Bridge Capital Inc., 2014). The SEC deals with industries by monitoring, managing the terms of sales by preliminary prospectus and setting rules and regulations for companies. Preliminary prospectus is when the company and the securities are issues to the firm. A firm will have provided their in come statement, balance sheets, its current activities, and other documents that provide information about the firm. The Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA) was put in act to increase the success in private litigation for securities fraud.ReferencesInitial Public Offering (IPO) Know Finance. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.knowfinance.com/ipo/ Investment Banker Definition Investopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investmentbanker.asp universal agent Definition Investopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/u/underwriter.asp Financial Web. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.finweb.com/investing/therisksofinitialpublicofferingstocks.com Bridge Capital Inc. (2014). Retrieved from http//bridge.com

Small and Medium Scale Business Marketing Strategies and Ideas Essay Example for Free

Small and Medium Scale Business Marketing Strategies and Ideas EssayAlso, I depart like to thank my parents for their immense provision and support. I ordain like to appreciate Pressy Ebimobowei Waratimi the Deputy CEO and founder of Rakeone Music, Rakeone Films and Rakeone TV for his immense support. I like to thank Slimface Ebiye Romeo the CEO of Romeos Artisthood. My express deep gratitude goes to my lovely friends Midian-Dicey Biyen, Kio Mikietuoniso, Gabriel Alari Benson, Samuel Oluku, Itong working capital Uwowa, Babema Tonye Amaye with others too numerous to mention. DEDICATION This book is dedicated to God Almighty. COPYRIGHT RESERVEDI would be revealing to you in this free article several(a) strategies on how to go about marketing your trade to your business area, city, state, country and the world at large. The essence of this, is to fetch you many customers inorder to boost your income. I would be revealing to you also, online business marketing (E marketing) str ategies. One of the smartest things a small or medium business owner atomic number 50 do for their business is to take the succession to develop a marketing platform that volition set them apart from their competitors. merchandising PLAN One of the smartest things a small or medium business owner washbasin do for their usiness is to take the time to develop a marketing plan that give set them apart from their competitors. A marketing plan clearly outlines how you will reach your ideal clients by effectively implementing your marketing strategy. You loafer choose marketing strategies below to make up your marketing plan. 1 MARKETING STRATEGIES AND IDEAS The various strategies and ideas on how to go about marketing your small or medium scale business are therefore explained below MARKETING MATERIALS 1. Create or update your business cards. 2. Make your business card stand out from the rest. 3. Create or update your brochure fliers and stickers. . Create your website, wordpress or a blogspot. 5. Create a digital version of your brochure for your website, wordpress or blogspot. IN-PERSON NETWORKING 1. Register and attend a business conference. 2. Introduce yourself to other local business owners. 3. Plan a local business work shop at or conference to showcase your product or service. 4. Rent a booth at a trade show and showcase your product. ADVERTISING 1. Advertise on the radio Many people think it is very expensive to advertise on the radio. I assure you it is definitely not, why not go and take a survey at various Radio Stations. 2.If you have the money you faeces advertise on a billboard. 3. Use stickers to advertise on your car, or you can give to people to put on their cars. 2 4. Advertise in your local news paper. You can go for a cheap rate its not all that expensive. 5. Advertise on a local TV station. COUPONS AND INCENTIVES Coupon simply means a voucher or ticket entitling the holder to a discount off a particular product. According to www. busi nessdictionary. com inducing simple means a monetary gift or bonus given to an employee based on his or her performance, which is thought of as one fashion to entice the employee to continue delivering positive results. . Start a contest. 2. Create a coupon. 3. Create a buyer reward program by using the created coupon. 4. provide out free gifts mostly towards the end of the year. RELATIONSHIP BUILDING 1. Send out a customer satisfaction survey. 2. Help promote or extend your time for charity event. 3. Send birthday sms or holiday sms to your clients. EMPLOYEE BEHAVIOUR 1. Train your staffs on how to welcome, approach and be of a good behaviour to your clients. This will go a long way to bring more clients. 3 OFFICE OR SHOP APPEARANCE The appearance of your office or shop should be arranged well and not in a scattered manner you know what I mean.Your office or business premises should be painted with a very nice colour and should be repainted if the painted is faded or dirtied. SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING 1. Get started with social media for business. 2. Create a facebook page. 3. Create a twitter account. 4. Create a facebook group. 5. Create a facebook ad (they do charge money). 6. Create account on different online forums, e. g. www. advertise. ng. com, www. nigerianbusinessforums. com, www. gnbo. com. ng, www. nairaland. com, www. naijagreen. com www. hopenigeria. com, www. nairaland. com, www. forumotion. com, www. nigerianbestforum. com, www. ebsitenigera. com, www. allnigeriansites. com, www. newnigerians. com, www. allnigeria. com, www. perfspot. com, www. nigerdeltaforum. com, www. nairasource. com, www. boomdizzle. com, www. veengle. com, www. zimbio. com, www. naijavoice. com, www. vanguardngr. com, www. allnaija. com, www. afroterminal. com, www. naijafinder. com, www. onlinenigeria. com, www. nigerianwebsuccess. com, www. naijaurban. com, www. naijaelites. com, www. naijacyberforum. com, www. habnaija. com, www. gistmania. com altogether you need do is to create an account. log unto it. go to business forumclick on it and click on start new takings..Post about your 4 business.. dont forget to include your phone number and email. INTERNET MARKETING 1. Create account with www. youtube. com 2. transfer your business telecasting advertisement (The one you give to TV stations) Steps After creating account with youtube. Log unto youtube with your email and password. look around the website you will see upload.. click on ita screen will show up asking you to choose a file, go to where you save the video file and click ok.. enter a title. after upload is finished you will be given a link.. you can copy and paste the link to your facebook wall, page and group. . Online Business Directory Listings All you need do is to go to the various online business directories listing 5 websites that I will give to you below, you can find more yourself. Each country has their own. Online business directory listing is an online business website showing different kinds of businesses, companies, firms (including their various information, addresses, phone numbers, etc). With these an individual can go to this websites to look for a company that can do a specific job for him or her, take the phone number and call or can take your address and locate your office.Online business directory will drive some of its visitors to your business. Note One of the workers of the websites might contact you inorder to get some info from you before your company, business, firm can be listed in their websites. This is free of charge. The websites are www. vconnect. com, www. nigerianyellowpages. com, www. onlinebusinessdirectorynigeria. com, www. nigeriangalleria. com, 5 www. lagosdirectoryonline. com, www. mynigeriareview. com, www. nigeriapagesonline. com, www. uknigeriabusinesses. com, www. nigerianbusinesspages. com, www. ngclassified. om, www. naijaonlinemart. com, www. finelib. com. EMAIL MARKETING 1. Have an email list of your clients 2. Start and saddle a free monthly email newsletter to your emails. CONCLUSION You can make your marketing plan by choosing any of the various marketing strategies. If you can afford, you can do hire a marketing consultant, public relations professional, internet guru, etc to help you in the given marketing strategies. THE END Thanks for reading, I hope this will go a long way in helping you plan for your Business Marketing. GOD BLESSES YOU Contact me via 08136194354 6

Facebook Strategic Management History Of Facebook Media Essay

Facebook Strategic Management Hi drool Of Facebook Media EssayHistory of FacebookFacebook as a amicable networking send is famous among tout ensemble in all age groups and users across the globe. Tracing the biography of facebook is really impressive to start with. In a short span of time facebook popularity hand over not only increased tremendously, solely in addition user interface and registered user to the portal have increased manifold. This is where we mickle relate as to what facebook is all ab break. In other(a) word that is to say its history and beginning. To begin with, facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg in the early part of 2004. A graduate from Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg stem to launch the come out was simple and effectively complemented the need to create a empyrean for people to get in touch, especially student who have passed out from Harvard to know each other better. That is where the name Facebook also came into the fore. (Roeder)What so-is significa nt to the history of face book is that the idea nourished by its founder Mark Zuckerberg was to protect a domain over the internet for in which Harvard student can get in touch and know each other. (Roeder) That is where the story and when we relate to facebook history began. To top it all, in a head of months, the popularity of facebook among initial users in Harvard became so popular, which by the end of the year during its launch facebook also opened up to other colleges. (Roeder) However, the story did not end there. Within a span of one year, facebook has list of investor to the company, which includes PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, Accel Partners and Greylock Partners (Roeder)The impressive record for facebook however was in 2007, when Microsoft Corporation do a move to invest in the company for US$ 246 million for a percentage destiny of interest that is calculated at 1.6% (Roeder) since then, there was no looking back for facebook. The developmental process that took ro ots also emphasizes to keep user need and their requirement as one basis of the portal and its purpose, which we expression is impressive enough, given the simple idea that is a worldwide rage today.What Facebook does bestThe social networking site, facebook significantly attends to the needs of its user across the globe to jockstrap bridge the gap of distance and to make the idea of social networking more valuable and meaningful in a sense than any other site and competitors. From our understanding of facebook as a social networking site, we are of the opinion that facebook dos best to ring in the idea of social networking more hip in a sense. Moreover, facebook idea as a social networking site also is relevant in a sense that it helps trace and make the idea of friends and their story worth a million miles.As we relate and interpret from facebook Blog (http//blog.facebook.com/) the idea as to what facebook does best, there are different an dinmpressive experience shared by users as to what facebook does best. Take for example the idea shared by Erick Tseng, a blogger, in which he commented that the notion of facebook networking is a really happening thing where behavior happens and sharing in that regard is made possible through facebook, especially in th backdrop of facebook mobile application that helps users to get connected and share details on the move. (Tseng, 2010) In addition to the above, many bloggers have their own experience to share, wherein in all instance there is a clear commentary that facebook and its substantial value is to bring into fashion the idea of social networking that attends to the needs, requirement and most importantly the satisfaction of its users across the globe.Facebooks competitorsThere is no denying the fact that facebook is rise ahead in the arena of social networking domains. Social networking portals such as Friendsters, MySpace Orkut, Hi5 can be looked as competitors. But it should be noted that facebook populari ty among users also can be emphasized to the fact that MySpace and Friendsters and some of their features are tremendously being harnessed by facebook as a combined features, which we feel have stupefy users to facebook. (Anderson, 2010) However, the manner in which facebook gained its popularity and to register itself with million of users across the globe is really impressive and fabulous, which we feel and from our experience of using the portal is that facebook does best to understand its users and the social networking needs and trends of the time, which is why we feel competitors have a hard time to face such a competition, especially in the backdrop when developmental processes of facebook is gaining a solid ground. .ConclusionWhen we trace the history of facebook, we can drive home the idea that today the social networking portal founded by Mark Zuckerberg was and is nothing ordinary, but a trend that is fast catching up among users of different breed, age, and social group s. As far as social portal is interested, there is everything and anything that can be connected with in facebook, which is one impressive factor f the portal. Together with it, the manner in which it attracted investment from Microsoft Corporations also give a clear pattern of the facebook tremendous potentiality to reaps home the benefits of the internet and to facilitate a social networking portal that is huge in class, quality features and significantly meet its users and the their satisfaction in almost all aspects.We feel that the success of facebook can be emphasized to the management of the portal. Take for example the strength of facebook, wherein there is a clear design that fan base, photos, wall post and all in between videos and posted items in the site (Jhaveri) is a huge hit among users. In addition, weakness of facebook also can be looked within the domains such as infrequent updates of fan page, group domains, search that is not visible in facebook search results , (Jhaveri) which also whence rings in the threat as far as facebook goes. Although facebook opportunities also take into account factors such as the fact that it gives the youth and its users to voice what matter to them and their thinking, the liberalization of the site in a logical sense. Together with it, blogs and campaign page also are exposed to users, and above all, the fact that facebook in all aspects engage group users, which work with other applications. (Jhaveri)Finally what we can conclude to facebook six marketing strategies we believe that facebook significantly identify its marketing strategy with its customers, market, philosophy, principles, technology, concern for employee and self concepts. Hence, in that capacity, marketing strategy f facebook thus can be emphasized to fact that factors such as online advertising, product promotion, it services, internet marketing, domain registrations, optimizing business through social networking, marketing initiative for u sers and business in context of SEO and SMM (Hale) altogether reflect the diversification, concentrations, vertical and horizontal integration as a format of growth strategy of the company.

Best Fit and Best Practice in HRM

Best Fit and Best Practice in HRMToday, many presidential terms atomic number 18 facing an increasingly competitive and hastily changing environment illustrated by various labor market, deregulation, globalization, improved in constellationation technologies, uninterrupted labor markets among other(a) factors. For winner in its operations, a company/ immobile should improve its surgical process through reduction of its operation courts, creation of new processes and products, increasing quality, productivity and speed market. Consequently, makeups move over to center on their workforces capabilities. If a firm manages its human choicefulnesss effectively, it lead be able to generate and enhance commitment, synergy and motivation that will to a sustained competitive advantage. Studies have come outn that human re first c be is one of the avenues that an organization can use to shape her employees behavior and attitude.Human resource management practices form forums that e nsure employees get highly involved in the activities of the organization and work hard to achieve her goals. The manner in which an organization manages her human resource institutes the conditions and tone that will govern the relationship between employers and employees. Thither ar many counsels of defining human resource management (HRM) practices. Bowman Swart (2007) looks at it as organizational activities directed at managing the pool of human resources and ensuring that they be directed towards fulfilling the goals of the organization. It has also been looked at as a effect of internally reproducible policies and practices that atomic number 18 real and upon implementation, they will guarantee that the human capital of an organization add to the achievement of its business objectives. The set out to definition of human resource management practices whitethorn vary slightly but the bottom line of it all is organizing and managing the man power in an organization.Th e connections between a firms performance and its human resource management practices be based on two approaches namely topper jeer (contingency) and best practice (universal) approaches. In best practice, a set of HRM practices are argued to be associated with improved firm performance in all types of organization and by allusion for al types of employees (Nahapiet Ghoshal, 1998). Conversely, the best fit approach argues that performance of a firm is maximized if the human resources policies are constant with the firms business strategies. Both the best fit and the best practice have an assumption that human resource policies take on will be implemented and as projected and have the same consequence on all employees that work in the firm. Researches on human resource management however show that that t here is no consensus on which human resource management approach is looked at as suitable.Notwithstanding the inconsistence in both(prenominal) the best fit and best practice app roaches, there is a momentous effect of human resource management practices on attitudes and behavior of employees based on the idea of social change. Studies reveal that employees of an organization infer organizational actions like human resource practices as indicators of how often an organization is committed to their welfare (Abraham et al., 2001). In response, the employees counter this gesture through improving their obligation to the organization. Particularly if the human resource practices of the an organization are professed as endorseive, the employees will take it as their employer creation committed to them through foreboding and high level of care , consequently they will work hard to and get very much engaged in the organization expressing their enthusiasm in hard work to achieve the goals of the organization.MANAGEMENT 4The concepts of best fit and best practice are applied in strategic human resource management to the particular insurance section of reward stru ctures. Each of the approaches endeavors to explain the manner in which human resource policies in the main and reward policies particularly can lead to better organizational efficiency (Zupan Kae, 2007). Organizations can wok within the modeling both the best fit and best practice. I agree with the best fit that suggests that a close alignment between organizational dodging and different administrations that it employs like the rewards will go along way in improving the efficiency of the organization. The idea that redress should be linked strategy is not new but it got momentum from scholars in the 1990 talking closely its merits as the new pay. It is evident tat all organizational systems have to start with a business strategy to achieve the goals it has set, failure to which it may face difficulties to carry on its operations. This is because the strategy will clarify what the organization wants to achieve over a specified period of time. It will also set the conditions o n the manner in which the organization will behave to achieve them this means that the organization sets cope of standards on the way it is run (Boxall Purcell, 2008). Additionallythe strategy will express the types of performance and the levels of performance it wants to employ to run in a organized and effective way. This is as a result of business strategy, organizational behavior and diving individuals being the benchmark for the reward strategy culture. The contingent nature of a reward system should not be looked at as a set of compensation practices at all. Nonetheless, it should be treated as one way of thinking about role of a reward system in a complex organization setting. This goes against an assumption that is often made to mean that certain best practices have to be incorporated into an organizationsapproach to pay (Simons, 2002).Having looked at best fit, the attention now is on best practice. This premise has been popular in human resource management over the last decade. Studies show that this model otherwise known as high commitment was initially stimulated by work of well-nigh United States of America academics, although it was recently developed by those in Britain (Kae et al., 2009). Although both the models of best fit and best practice are assumed to be complimentary, the later is arguably seen as not having an element of discussion on the organizations strategy at all. Its fundamental benchmark is that all organizations who adopt the best practice strategy will attract first-rate human resources, competencies and talent. According to the views of its proponents, the super human resources available has an effect of influencing the strategy that an organization adopts hence acting as the source of its viable advantage. Consequently for this approach, the organizations policy precedes its strategy.Coff (1997) asserts that there are mutually compatible bundles of human resource policies that sustain high standards of motivation of emplo yees and also their commitment that has a positive impact on the performance of the organization. This is the approach that advocates of best practice say it stands for. However, there is no common ground on which these practices are, on a general scale they are composed of extensive training, selective hiring, and structure to encourage employees participation, employment security and pay policies which lead in relation to industry competitors (Lengnick-Hall Lengnick-Hall, 2003). There is apparent manoeuver of disagreement between in the sector of pay linked to performance appraisal. Researchers have criticized merit pay in a number of ways as there is subjectivity and unpredictability that reward political skills instead of performance, there is no concern for performance of the organization, it encourages short term focus, there is an emphasis on the individual success that undermines teamwork and lastly there is a tendency of such like a system to create fear at work place.Tho se who support either side of the human resource management approaches argue that both approaches, hest fit and best practice, will help an organization to achieve its goals and objectives. There are several ways that an organization employs when it comes to organizing its human resources that will help it achieve what it was set up for. The methods of achieving the objectives are attracting and retaining employees, motivating the performance of employees, promotion of skills and culture in an organization, contribution to corporate culture of an organization among other things There are differences in which the two approaches handle attracting and retaining employees. The capability of an organizations reward systems in attracting and retaining its employees is of cardinal concern to many organizations (Cullinane Dundon, 2006). During economic expansions, times when the labor markets are tight and organizations are struggling to fill vacancies at the same time trying very to hit on to hold on to their subject employees, this becomes a very crucial issue. This also happens during recessions as organizations sometimes become keen on getting the service of qualified employees.To cope with this, the best fit approach boasts of the composition of its reward package attracting many and various kinds of applicants. This argument holds water because drawing example, an organization go a straight base salary and no chance for incentive earnings, naturally attracts and retains quite different individuals that as compared to one that gives big amounts of incentive pay. Organizations honour their employees with different performance related pay incentives have increased chances of attracting employees who are more problem solving and entrepreneurial compared to those offering a base salary. The best fit proponents basically assume that it is in organizations where good performance is recognized and rewarded that good performers tend to seek or employment. This is a correct observation because proficient personnel will take pleasure in working where they will be appreciated as good performers. Systems have a way of identifying ugly and a good performer as not all employees turn over is harmful to performance of an organization. To this effect, a reward system has to promote the holding of good performers at the same time aiding the decision of poor performers leaving the organization.According to Dowling Welch (2006), there is also an emphasis on the importance of external engagement of an organization for attraction and retention of employees. According to best fit advocates, for effectiveness, a reward system must distribute rewards such that the most valuable employees of the organization will feel contended while relating their rewards with those of individuals performing same jobs in organizations of the same nature as theirs. However caution must be taken here because some studies have shown that in some organizations, it is more co st effective in keeping the wages low and accepting high employee turnover, particularly if the cost of replacing them is low as it is the in unskilled labor. Despite the fact labor markets are far from being perfectly efficient, it is evident that there is some relationship between the quality of a work force and organization attracts and how it pays its employees. This is quite true and it is convincing for the best fit approach as it gives the facts on the behavior of employees and pay.Looking in the manner in which the best practice deals with attracting and retaining the employees, it emphasizes on employees that will assist an organization in gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. It achieves this through outwardly competitive pay levels. According to this however, a combination of a number of a number policies that are interrelated are responsible for highly qualified individuals apply and remain in an organization. The recruiting procedures which provide a huge pool o f qualified applicants, coupled with a dependable and valid routine has a pregnant influence on the quality and type of skills the new employees will have. The thorough process of selecting employees will make the selected candidates feel that they are joining privileged organization with elevated prospects. The best practice approach advocates for positively value low turnover with no cautions whatsoever as opposed to the best fit approach. This happens so as other related procedures and policies make sure that the employees chosen are the right ones for the job and are taken in at first vitrine (Galpin Skinner, 2004). The best practice takes into consideration todays global business employment to be of key importance in attraction and retention of employees as opposed to the other approach which that claims that employment security does not reflect the realities of todays competitive global business. This is due to employees being unlikely to make suggestions to increase the pr oductivity whenever they fear that it will make them loose their job. Researchers assert that the cardinal concern in the design of a reward system is the plan works in employee motivation. There are various theories of employee motivation and there is no one particular that has been accepted universally. The different theories that exist handle different types of reward systems. The best fit approach believes that the payment system of an organization should reflect individual employee contributions (Fitz-Enz, 1993). Employees may at times cut down their efforts to look for employment in highly give jobs in other organizations due to dissatisfaction originate from negative inequity and some other consequences. It is observed that highly dissatisfied companies are more strongly attracted towards an external market orientation. On the other hand, organizations that are based on a single industry or technology will naturally find themselves much calm with an internal-equity basis.Bot h types of inequity in an organization have serious consequence for an organization but the implications for external equity like absenteeism and turnover are more rigorous for a particular organization and should be given chief consideration (Lepak Snell, 199). This is clear evidence that the best fit approach in human resource practice has support for the contribution principle. It therefore has an implication that employees who remarkably contribute to the success of an organization ought to be able to compare themselves with world-shattering others form both outside and inside the organization and still get contented with the pay they get. The best fit practice for that matter looks at it as an obligation of the design to promote development and make use of employee inputs that will promote the organization. The best fit approach also makes use of expectancy possibleness of behavior. The theory utters that individuals make choices depending on some factors like there expectan cy that there efforts will make them achieve certain standard of performance, believing that their performance will result significant upshots and the scale of value they place on those upshots (Intagliata, et al., 2004). It is line with best fit thinking as it gives a design framework for each element of a reward system to utilize to its best advantage. The best practice advocates depend on the content theories of motivation as the grounding of their system of reward. It is apparent that factors that get drawn in to produce job satisfaction and motivation are different from those ones that lead to job dissatisfaction.Motivators are the source of job satisfaction and are intrinsic to the particular encompassing recognition for the achievement, the work itself, responsibility and advancement or growth. The potential source of job dissatisfaction is inessential and is made up hygiene factors like salaries. The approach does not advocate for incentives for as it results to spiralling of wages and employees who search for the next pay increase. Research has shown that firms block the development of some behavior that front competitive advantage by picking on incentives. Looking at the above discussion, it is apparent the both the best fit and best practice approaches as employed in human resource management practices are all directed towards ensuring that an organization achieves its goals and objectives through organizing its strategies and man power. through with(predicate) striking a balance between the contingent and universal approach, an ideal or more comprehensive model can be developed by looking at their limitations and merits. The value of the universal (best practice) framework depends in the demonstration of the strategic significance of human resource management. High rates of significance in their tests were achieved by its proponents but it has limitations in both its methodological and theoretical domain. There is compatibility between the two a pproaches as the contingency approach comes in handy here to complement the universal model encompassing the external relationships

Examining the impact of the Enron Corporate Scandal

Examining the impact of the Enron Corporate ScandalEnron is an muscularity-based company in Houston, Texas that deals with the energy trade on international and domestic based. Enron Corp. Is one of the worlds largest energy, commodities and Services Company was created out of merger of two major flatulence pipe line in 1985.Enron was created by merge between Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. Houstons gass CEO Kenneth lay headed the merger of the two companies. After that Kenneth lay become the CEO of Enron. Earlier Enron was Enron was entirely involved with the distribution and transmission of electricity and gas of unite States.In merger, Enron incurred a large amount of debt, and which resulted deregulation, after(prenominal) this Enron was no longer had the rights of its pipelines. The company had to give away a way to generate profits and cash flow. Kenneth lay hired Jeffrey Skilling to work for Enron as an accountant. Skilling suggested the practice of buying gas from a network of suppliers and merchandising it to it consumers at the fixed price with a contract.Enron was interested in the expansion, building, and operation of the pipelines, power plants, and other infrastructure. After just a year of operation Enron co-ordinated with a company called spectrum seven, a company whose chairman and CEO is the former president of United States, George W. Bush After just a year of operation. In 1999, Enron tried to expand their company by creating the Azurix Corporation, a water utility company. Overall the Azurix Corporation proved unsuccessful financially. The Azurix Corporation, due to their failure to make an intrigue into the market, went under.Enron allegedly became successful, trading over eight hundred different products worldwide. Enron was named Americas Most Innovative Company by Fortune magazine from 1996 to cc1. Enron was on Fortunes 100 ruff Companies to work for In America in 2000. The companys rising appe bed to be bright and promisi ng continued success.Enron faced many accusations of building links to political power. The companys fellowship to George W. Bush, and Houstons local politics has sop upd much attention in recent past. In 1986, Enron was involved with Bushs company in joint drilling for oil. There are reports that Kenneth Lay and George W. Bush even shared friendship. Kenneth lay has employed politicians who have worked under George W. Bush also signed off on a law that deregulated Texass electrical markets, which coincidentally resulted in large profits for Enron.The company also had political links that reached outside of the United States. Enron created a massive and highly pricy power plant in India, even though many Indian citizens and the World Bank strenuously objected. Allegedly protesters in India were beaten up and arrested. The United States ambassador to India, who opposed the plant eventually, conjugate the board of Enron oil and gasThe screws came loose in August 2001, when Jeffre y Skilling, the CEO resigned from office for unknown reasons. By October 2001, Enron experienced its first quarter where they did not report a profit. On November 8th, 2001 Enron told the SEC it was restating its earnings since 1997, reducing income by $.ENRON SCANDALIn Enrons original natural gas business, the invoice had been fairly straightforward in each time period, the company listed actual costs of supplying the gas and actual revenues received from selling it. However, when skilling joined the company, he demanded that the trading business adopt mark- to -market accounting, citing that it would reflect true economic value. Enron became the first non-financial company to use the method to account for its complex long- term contracts.Mark-to-market accounting requires that once a long-term contract was signed, income be estimated as the present value of net future cash flows. Often, the viability of these contracts and their related costs were difficult to decide .Due to lar ge discrepancies of attempting to match profits and cash, investors were typically given false or misleading reports. While using the method, income from projects could be recorded, which increased financial earnings. However, in future years, the profits could not be included, so new and additional income had to be included from more projects to develop additional growth to appease investors. However, Enron later grow its use to other areas in company to help it meet Wall Street projections.Here are some detailed frauds in the Enrons financial masteryEnrons auditor applied reckless standards in their audit, which was showing conflict between interests.Enron financial statement showed the booking costs of cancelled projects as assets, with the rationale that to no official letter had stated that the project was cancelled.This method was known as the snowball, and although it was initially dictated that stay under $90 million, it was later extended to $200 million where all found s trange transactions. Like erratic cash flow and huge debt.Enron was estimated to have about $23billion in liabilities, both debt outstanding and guaranteed loans. Citigroup and JP Morgan observe in particular appeared to have significant amounts to lose with Enrons fall. Additionally, many of Enrons major assets were pledged to lenders in order to secured loans, throwing into doubt what if anything unsecured creditors and eventually stockholders might receive in bankruptcy proceedings.IMPACTThe collapse of Enron, the largest bankruptcy in U.S history, which led to thousands of employees losing their jobs and their life saving plans tied to the companys stock, which was calculated as 401(k). Reputation of Andersen, Enrons auditing firm, is damaged after company official admitted that thousands of Enron documents were destroyed.Those events lead to flurry of probes, including a criminal investigation by the U.S justice department of Enron .The SEC and the Labor department as soundl y as six congressional committees-is also investigating the companys collapse. Enron officials have donated millions of dollars to Republicans and Democrats alike.At the heart of Enrons troubles were numerous outside partnerships, set up to keep debt off its books, which were reviewed by Andersen. In addition, it was revealed that Enron has paid no income taxes in four of the last five years, using almost 900 subsidiaries in tax-haven countries and other techniques.A major issue brought to swallow by the scandal is Andersen dual role as Enrons auditor and consultant, which critics claim is a serious conflict of interest. Andersen has been accused of over looking the huge sums of cash kept off Enrons books because Enron represented a potential $100 million -a- year in fees to the auditor. Enron fired Andersen as the feuding corporations both came under growing scrutiny for their roles in the collapse of the worlds largest energy trading company.REFEENCEShttp//www.lawyershop.com/pra ctice-areas/criminal-law/white-collar-crimes/securities-fraud/lawsuits/enron/http//whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/enron.htmlhttp//www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=2308http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal

On the Road to a Unified Science of Culture :: Biology Essays Research Papers

On the Road to a Unified Science of Culture Bewargon potholes Culture has genuine far beyond the requirements for survival, such that our forays into art, music and pure mathematics are useless from the biological point of view. In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins (1987)5 introduced the concept of the meme, analogous to merely separate from the gene, to explain this puzzling phenomenon. The resultant field, memetics, has been a recent battleground between various disciplines. While a lifelike science approach to finis remains the stage for the debut of a much hoped-for unified science, interdisciplinary work has yet to transcend traditional academic lines. Ignorance, prejudice and territoriality commove serious hurdles to the synthesis of science, which must, very simply, begin with the scientist. Memes are units of cultural transmission propagated by imitation and may include ideas such as natural selection and fairy tales, behaviors such as shaking hands and sitting uprigh t, and styles such as baggy pants and slang. Like genetic evolution, memetic evolution fits the clean survival of the fittest scenario the process of replication produces variation that is acted upon by selection. However, memes exist for their own sake, not for the sake of man or the sake of genes. In this sense, they are selfish, and the separation fashion that human culture can no longer be explained in terms of biological advantage (Dawkins 1987)5. Memetics sprang from Dawkins meme concept as a natural science approach to culture, and many grand visions have been penned for this, the final frontier of the unified science. Wilson exhorts the synthetic scientific method, which he terms consilience. He imagines connecting causal explanations across alone levels of organization and between all branches of learning as the Ariadnes thread that is needed to traverse the labyrinth of empirical knowledge (Wilson 1998 73)10 . Similarly, Plotkin (2002)9 thinks of complete interthe oretic reduction as the unrealizable ideal, but believes that the possibility of some reduction by explanatory causal mechanisms extending across some levels is sufficient. He emphasizes that unified science requires all science to be done, and so does not sideline the work of social scientists. More importantly, both scientists believe a unified science of culture is possible because humans are products of nature and natural processes. Although a relatively new field, thus far held at bay by conceptual disagreements, the ranks from which the meme debate pulls its opponents is admirably wide.

B E C: The New Phase Of Matter :: essays research papers

B E C The New Phase of Matter     A naked as a jaybird phase of publication has been discovered seventy years after AlbertEinstein predicted its existence. In this new state of theme, atoms do notmove around like they would in an mine run gas condensate. The atoms move inlock step with one another and have identical quantum properties. This willmake it easier for physicists to research the mysterious properties of quantummechanics. It was named "Molecule of the course of instruction" because it was such a majordiscovery, but it is not a molecule at all. The phase, called the Bose-Einsteincondensate (BEC) follows the laws of quantum physics.     In early 1995, scientists at the National Institute of Standards and technology and the University of Colorado were the first to uncover the BEC.They magnetically trapped rubidium atoms and then supercooled the atoms toalmost absolute zero. The graphic on the cover shows the Bose-Einstienco ndensation, where the atoms velocities peak at scrawny to zero velocity, andthe atoms slowly emerge from the condensate. The atoms were slowed to the lowvelocity by using laser beams. The hardware needed to create the BEC is abargain at $50,000 to $1000,000 which makes it brotherly to physics labs aroundthe world.     The next step is to test the new phase of matter. We do not know yet ifit absorbs, reflects,or refracts light. BEC is related to superconductivity andmay unlock approximately mysteries of why some minerals are able to conduct electricitywithout resistance. The asymmetrical pattern of BEC is is thought by someastrophysicists to explain the bumpy distribution of matter in the earlyuniverse, a distribution that eventually led to the formation of galaxies.Physicists are working on creating an atom laser, using new technology derivedfrom the BEC. The new lasers would be able to create etchings finer than thosethat etch silicon chips today.