Principles of accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Principles of accounting - Assignment Example Each journal entry must have a credit and debit of equal amount. There are different ledgers accounts used in an accounting system such as the cash, expense, account receivable, equity, accounts payable, sales, and depreciation account among others. Each account has a normal balance. If the normal account is a debit the account increases through debit and decreases by way of a credit. When the normal account is credit the account increases through a credit and decreases by a debit. The income statement is a very important financial statement that provides information regarding the profitability of a company during an accounting period. All financial statements are prepared at the end of the accounting cycle. There a certain journal entries that affect only the income statement. An example of a journal entry that affects the income statement is recording a cash sale. For instance if the business makes a sale and the customer pays by cash the corresponding journal entry is a debit to c ash and a credit to sales. Based on the assumption that the normal balance of cash is debit this transaction increases the cash account of the company because the firm received money. The balance sheet is another major financial statement that is regarded as a statement of position.

Creating a Social Program Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creating a Social Program - Term Paper Example Mentally ill persons in criminal justice system: Most of the mentally ill people are held in jail because they pose a good amount of threat to the people and to themselves. Previously the treatment incorporated insulin induced comas, freezing baths and shock treatment but in the late 1950’s the entire psychological fitness scene changed with the innovation and expansion of anti-psychotic treatment options. Mostly the offenders with the psychological illness do not get any sort of medications or special treatment during imprisonment. As a result of this lack of treatment facilities the conditions can get worse. The offenders may become a serious threat to the society or to themselves when they leave the jail. Therefore within the legal justice structure, the psychological health cases continue to be a serious challenge (Tracy, 2009) Treatment with mentally ill people: Sometimes the law enforcing people are not aware of the problem so the mentally ill people are kept with the no rmal prisoners but if diagnosed the mentally ill people in jails are not treated very well, as there is restriction with their movement in the jails, not allowed to meet people, less or almost no recreational activities etc. For apparent reasons, they are not provided with the televisions in their cells. The security concerns make it near to impossible for the correctional care takes and officials to take them to the fitness and exercise patio. These people are only allowed for 15 to 20 minutes to go out of their cells and provided them with the opportunity to have shower. Even this activity is also monitored. Usually the officers who are responsible for the security of these mentally ill people are not trained very properly so sometimes in odd situations they are not able to understand about how to deal with the particular situation and the consequences could be severe (James & Glaze, 2006). Aims: Our main aim is to propose and apply collaborative efforts among unlawful justice and psychological fitness systems. The program’s objective is to make improvement in the access system and to provide efficient handling for people with psychological problems concerned with the justice structure. The aim can be achieved through proper arrest, society based management, court appearances etc. It has been expected that almost one third or up to half of the imprisonments can be avoided if the mentally sick people are sent to proper places rather than taking them into the jails. A huge amount of money can be saved by simple changes in the system. It is proposed that if specialized training is provided to the officers most volatile situations can be avoided. Based on the guidance the officer will be able to distinguish between the normal and mentally ill people. He will use the techniques and methods which have been developed during the training period and as a result there will be a non violent ending of the faced encounter. Timeline: The timeline for the given proj ect is three years. Each year the program will be thoroughly evaluated for excellence. Policy Elements: 1. The police stations of few specific areas will be taken as subjects and special Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training will be provided to all the correctional officers who deal with such mentally ill people in jails. The training will be provided only to the officers who come in direct contact with the patients and not the other staff. 2. There are some police

U101 TMA11 Design Thinking Essay Example for Free

U101 TMA11 Design Thinking Essay Being a sole trader. I started my company as I had a passion for creating and designing. It gives me the opportunity to nurture my creativity as well as allow me personal and financial independence. I first realised I enjoyed creating and designing when I was at school and this is still true. When the time came to look for work I instantly knew what I wanted to do. I built the entire business myself. I designed and built the website, I created my customer base, I created the designs, I marketed the products and the list goes on. The second role is one that I find incredibly rewarding, and that is being a Mother to my son Charlie. I love him unconditionally and being a mother means so much more to me than I could have ever imagined. I found that being a parent is so much more though, I have to nurture him both emotionally, physically and on an intellectual level. This role ensures that there is never a dull moment in my life. Every day means that my life embarks on a new challenge. Question 1B From carrying out the learning styles questionnaire I have learnt that I need to do the following: I need to create a study plan that will suit my learning style. So I will ensure that I set it up so I study for shorter periods. I need to ensure that I read everything correctly and brainstorm prior to answering questions. I must make sure that I double check my work afterwards and proof read all assignments. Question 2B The learning situation I have chosen is learning to design an invitation to a wedding. I feel that this most suits me as I face this situation on a regular basis. When faced with the decision of creating wedding stationery I first look into the different styles of invitations there are, for example; greeting card style, plain flat styled, chequebook or layered style etc. Further to this, potential suppliers need to be researched in depth so as to find reliable and good quality products. Another valid, if not vital topic that needs to be looked into is how you would print the invitations. You can use an inkjet printer; however this would not give a good quality finish. A laser printer; would provide a good quality finish, however, the cost would increase. There are more extravagant routes for printing designs; thermography, engraving and finally letterpress. These would be a very expensive and time consuming option however; it is these types of printing are becoming increasingly popular in this day and age. Therefore I would have to discuss with the customer(s) what they would want in order to choose the right printing process. I would then look into what customer(s) are looking to gain from their invitation, so if they are having a formal or informal wedding we would look into the style of wording that needs to be chosen in order to suit this. Further to all of this information a rough mood board would be created of materials (card, ribbons and various other textured materials) to show the customer(s) their options so they can decide what would best suited for her wedding. A customer may have a themed wedding or colour scheme too. For example if a customer was to have a vintage themed wedding they may use colours like; nude, champagne, peach, pinks, creams and ivory. These suggestions and ideas would have to be input into the design. The customer(s) may wish for the invitation to have depth to it so they may ask for embellishments, like pearls etc. Once all these steps have been carried out I would then proceed to designing an electronic proof (a mock-up) where customer(s) can see design ideas without materials being wasted if they do not like the design. If the customer(s) do like the design then we would proceed to creating an actual full scale sample. This sample would then be sent out to the customers directly so that they can review that all information is how they would want it to appear etc. Once a design had been finalised then the process of producing items in bulk would commence. A Question 2C After looking into my results I have reflected on my learning style. I feel that I think logically at learning tasks. I like to have everything laid out and research into what I can achieve. This style suits me well as I am very inquisitive and further myself by looking into subjects in depth. The learning style question I feel is accurate in some sense I do not prefer to get things done quickly sometimes I feel that I enjoy taking my time. Question 2d As I embark on studying U101 I am sure that I will certainly gain a lot of experience and acquire the knowledge to further myself in future studies. I feel that I may learn different techniques and ideas from working when working in a group. Things that may require further development are learning how to layout assignments in a professional manner, as well as wording them so they are suitable for academic use. Another area that I may show weakness in would be getting myself organised. Understanding what is needed to be done and then making effective and efficient steps in order to complete the task(s)

Teenage Pregnancy And Social Exclusion Social Work Essay

Teenage Pregnancy And Social Exclusion Social Work Essay The aim of this study or discussion is to analyse and discuss the impact of the labour government policy on teenage pregnancy and social exclusion in the United Kingdom, to what extent has the policy achieved its aims and objectives and if the objectives have not been met, why and how it may be improved, what are its shortcomings and constraints in the implementation process or if the policy itself was not well put together. Barry (2002) argues that social exclusion occurs when individuals or groups are not given the opportunity to participate in society, whether or not they desire to participate. The British Government in 2001 defined social exclusion as a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown.(Cabinet Office, 2001) Burchardt, Le Grand and Piachaud, (2002) identify consumption (the capacity to purchase goods and services, including health services), production (taking part in economically or socially valuable activities including voluntary work), political interaction or participation (involvement in local or national decision-making) and social interactions (integration with family, friends and the wider community) as the four key elements of social participation. These elements individually can represent an outcome measure for social exclusion or inclusion. Teenage pregnancy is a risk factor for social exclusion. Social disadvantage refers to a range of social and economic difficulties an individual can face such as unemployment, poverty, and discrimination and is distributed unequally on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity, socioeconomic position, educational level, and place of residence (Wellings and Kane, 1999). Social exclusion can happen to anybody but is more prevalent among young people in care, young people not in school and among teenagers growing up in low income households , or those growing up with family conflicts and people from some minority ethnic communities are disproportionately at risk of social exclusion. people are also most vulnerable at periods such as leaving home, care or education. Teenage birth rates in the UK are the highest in Western Europe and pregnancy among girls under sixteen years of age in England and Wales have increased since 2006, more than four in ten girls still get pregnant before the age of twenty. Two-thirds of all students have sex before graduating from school and are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. (ONS, 2009). Social exclusion Unit (2001) in their report to cabinet said that In England, there are nearly 90,000 conceptions a year to teenagers; around 7,700 to girls under 16 and 2,200 to girls aged 14 or under. Roughly three-fifths of conceptions 56,000 result in live births. Although more than two-thirds of under 16s do not have sex and most teenage girls reach their twenties without getting pregnant, the UK has teenage birth rates which are twice as high as in Germany, three times as high as in France and six times as high as in the Netherlands. Teens that get pregnant are less likely to complete their education therefore risks making their future worse. They are more likely to be single parents and are more likely to contract sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Every year there are new entrants into teenage world. The risk factors that affect early teenage pregnancies are economic disadvantages, peer pressure, emotional distress, sexual beliefs, attitude and skills, family structure, community disadvantages, sexual risk taking and poor contraceptive use. (Kirby, 2007). The main policy initiatives (750) New Labour (1997) introduced policies that aim to reduce young peoples risks of low educational attainment, poor or no job prospects, criminality and offending, teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Tony Blair (PM, 2001) in a foreword to the Report by the Social Exclusion Unit on Preventing Social exclusion said Preventing exclusion where we can, reintegrating those who have become excluded, and investing in basic minimum standards for all and we have worked in a new way developing partnerships around common goals with the public services, communities and charities, businesses and church organisations that have been struggling with the causes and symptoms of poverty for so long. The policy used risk management approaches as a way of reducing risks of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases amongst young people by using strategies that gives the individual choices , responsibilities and make them part of the solution. New Labours policies on teenage pregnancy centres around teenage pregnancy and sexuality using Knowledge Acquisition, Shifting Blame and Constituting Knowing Active Welfare Citizens as strategic Risk Management options. The New Labour government set up a Teenage Pregnancy Strategy overseen by the Teenage Pregnancy Unit and the strategy centres on reducing the rate of teenage conceptions, with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under 18s by 2010. Getting more teenage parents into education, training or employment, to reduce their risk of long term social exclusion. The Social Exclusion Unit was setup by the New Labour government to co-ordinate policy-making issues like school exclusion and truancy, rough sleeping, teenage pregnancy, youth at risk and deprived neighbourhoods through, preventing social exclusion happening in the first place by reducing the numbers who go through experiences that put them at risk or targeting action to compensate for the impact of these experiences , reintegrating those who become excluded back into society, by providing clear ways back for those who have lost their job or their housing, and missed out on learning and getting the basics right by delivering basic minimum standards to everyone in health, education, in-work income, employment and tackling crime. Critically analyse policies-SID,RED,MUD Critical analysis of the Policy, (2000) Action to prevent social exclusion is delivering results: the proportion of children in homes where no-one is in work has fallen from 17.9 per cent in 1997 to 15.1 per cent in 2001; over 100,000 children are benefiting from the Sure Start programme to ensure they are ready to learn by the time they reach primary school; school exclusions have fallen by 18 per cent between 1997 and 1999; under-18 conception rates have fallen in four out of the last five quarters; more 16-18 year olds are staying on in education; the Care Leavers strategy has been introduced; the Rough Sleepers Unit is piloting new approaches to end the fast track to homelessness from prison and the Armed Forces; Summary Stakeholder Pensions will help moderate earners build up better pension entitlements from this April. Some 18 million people stand to gain from the State Second Pension, providing more support than under the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) for modest and low paid workers, and for carers and the disabled; and the personal tax and benefit measures introduced over this Parliament mean that by October 2001, a single-earner family on half average earnings and with two young children will be  £3,000 a year better off in real terms compared with 1997. Families with someone in full-time work will have a guaranteed minimum income of at least  £225 a week,  £11,700 a year. And families with children in the poorest fifth of the population will on average be  £1,700 a year or around 15 per cent better off. And programmes to reintegrate people who have become excluded are recording successes: since 1997 more than 270,000 young unemployed people have moved into work through the New Deal for Young People; over 6,000 people have found work through the New Deal for Disabled People and over 75,000 people had found work between October 1998 and December 2000 through the New Deal for Lone Parents; all Local Education Authorities (LEAs) have increased provision for excluded pupils, a third already do so, and two-thirds plan to offer them full-time education in 2001; between June 1998 and June 2000, the number of rough sleepers fell by 36 per cent; and the proportion of teenage parents in education, employment or training has increased from 16 to 31 per cent between 1997 and 2000. And changes in basic public and private services are focusing improvements on the poorest: higher standards than ever before in Key Stage 2 English and maths with a ten and 13 percentage point improvement in each subject respectively between 1998 and 2000; 44 Local Education Authorities (LEAs) in the 88 most deprived areas2 improved their Key Stage 2 maths results by 14 per cent or more between 1998 and 2000. The most improved area was Tower Hamlets, with an increase of 23 per cent; 24 LEAs in deprived areas improved their Key Stage 2 English results by 11 per cent or more over the same period; between 1998 and 2000 children from most minority ethnic communities saw a rise in achievement of GCSEs. This includes an eight percentage point increase in the number of black pupils achieving five or more GCSE grade A*-C, against an average for all pupils of three percentage points; unemployment has fallen faster than the national average in 19 of the 20 highest unemployment areas; the combined effects of Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG), Winter Fuel Payments and free television licences for those aged 75 and over mean that from April 2001 around two million of the poorest pensioner households will be at least  £800 a year better off compared with 1997 a real terms rise in living standards of 17 per cent. together with tax and benefit reforms, the national minimum wage has helped to make work pay and encourage individuals to move from benefits into work; and by the end of 2000, all the high street banks offered a basic bank account available to all. Preventing social exclusion These improvements are a good start. Trends on literacy, school exclusion, post-16 participation and rough sleeping are on track. Incomes for the poorest pensioners and families, and for low-paid workers, have risen substantially. Where programmes have been slow to deliver results, for example on truancy, the Government is intensifying action. But many of the programmes in this document are only in their infancy, and are on course to deliver more substantial results over time. At the same time, policy innovation has been accompanied by new structures and new ways of working within Government. These have created clearer accountability for cross-cutting subjects such as rough sleeping, neighbourhood renewal and youth policy; set the basis for a new relationship of Partnership with groups outside Government; organised services around the needs of the client; and helped people to help themselves Policy can exacerbate and not alleviate Conclusion (500) The 1999 UK governments report on teenage pregnancy concluded that the following were risk factors for pregnancies among teenage girls: socioeconomic disadvantage, having been oneself the child of a teenage parent, poor communication with parents, not being in education, training or work after age 16 years, peer pressure to have sex early, educational problems such as low achievement and truancy, alcohol use, low knowledge about sexual health, and learning about sex from sources other than school However, these conclusions were based on evidence that was rather old or from cross-sectional studies, which are not the best guide to current trends

The Axis Powers :: World War II History

The Axis Powers Almost everyone knows of The Axis Powers. They were enemies of The Allied Powers in World War II. They are synonymous with The Holocaust because Adolf Hitler was the man who started The Holocaust and he ws the dictator of Germany. The Axis Powers originally was the alliance between Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy. Italy did not do much during the war though. The goals of The Axis Powers clearly emerged in the Italo-Germany Pact. It was a pact that was signed in May of 1939 in which Italy and Germany promised to help each other in the time of war. Germany also signed another pact because Hitler believed that Germany had lost World War I due to the fact that Germany had to fight on two sides. The pact was a ten-year, non-aggression pact between the USSR and Germany. The pact was later abolished when the USSR began to help the Allied Powers fight Germany. Hitler wasn't well known during World War I. As a matter of fact, Hitler was a private during the war and ended up gaining power because he appealed to a large number of German people. He appealed to them by a combination of an effective and well-practiced style of speaking with what looked like undoubtable sincerity and determination. This helped Hitler find a large audience for his program of national revival, racial pride in Germanic values, hatred for France and of the Jewish and other un-German races, and despise for the Weimer Republic. With the way he spoke, Hitler convinced the people of Germany to believe that a dictatorship was the only thing that could save Germany from the problems it was having. Hitler's views only changed a little in the years to follow; yet he still managed to draw an increasing number of people to his speeches. On September 30, 1938, France and Great Britain agreed to let Nazi Germany have a piece of Czechoslovakia. Hitler told the British and French that it would be his last demand for territory in Europe. Hitler ended up breaking this pact when he took over Prague. During that same year, Germany attacked Poland and defeated them in one month. Poland was then split into two parts with Hitler's Nazi Germany taking part and Stalin's Communist USSR taking the other part. The invasion was what started World War II.

Analysis of Donahues Sister from Thom Gunn’s The Passages of Joy Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thom Gunn, an English poet who has spent most of his life living in the United States, is a member of what has come to be called the "Movement". Members of the Movement "rejected what seemed to them the Romantic excesses of the New Apocalypse (whose most prominent member was Dylan Thomas), and. . .were equally dissatisfied with the modernist revolution led by [Ezra] Pound and [T.S.] Eliot" (Ellmann and O’Clair 1335). Gunn has criticized modernists for "strengthen[ing] the images [in their poetry] while...banishing [the] concepts" (Qtd. in Ellmann and O’Clair 1335). Members of the Movement "sought greater concreteness and a less high-flown diction for poetry" (Ellmann and O’Clair 1335).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Thom Gunn is known for writing poems that are not only concrete, but that can also be thought of as quite risky. Gunn has never been a cautious poet (Ellmann and O’Clair 1335), instead choosing to deal with subjects that are very "real," and in some cases very controversial. Gunn confronts the issue of alcoholism and its effects, not only on the alcoholics, but also on those who care about them, in his poem "Donahue’s Sister," which was published in 1982 as part of a book of poems entitled The Passages of Joy.   Ã‚  Ã‚   "Donahue’s Sister" begins with the two characters, a man and a woman (presumably Donahue and his sister), encountering each other at the head of the stairs. The first two lines read, "She comes level with him at / the head of the stairs," and indicate a sense of competition and tension between the two people. Immediately, it is apparent that there is a power struggle going on between the man and the woman. At this point, the reader has not been told the source of the competition between the characters, but there is a sense ... ...poetry is not intellectual... rather, it explores concrete reality in a sensuous manner" (Parini 138). Gunn paints a colorful and all-too-believable picture of the effects of alcoholism. He does not attempt to pass judgment, though. He does not condemn the alcoholic, or glorify the man who tries to help her. He simply shows us an honest depiction of alcoholism, and allows us as readers to make our own moral judgments. Works Cited Ellmann, Richard and Robert O’Clair, eds.   The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry.   2nd ed.   New York: W.W. Norton, 1988. Giles, Paul.   â€Å"Landscapes of repetition: the self-parodic nature of Thom Gunn’s later poetry.†Ã‚   Critical Quarterly 29.2 (1987): 85-99. Parini, Jay.   â€Å"Rule and Energy: The Poetry of Thom Gunn.†Ã‚   The Massachusetts Review 23 (1982): 134-151. Sanborn, Patricia F.   Existentialism.   New York: Pegasus, 1968.

Police Discretion Essay

Discretion was defined to be the selection among possible path of actions. It was rampant and has great importance in the criminal justice. Discretion can be looked at different perspectives such as discretion-as-judgment, discretion-as-choice, discretion-as-discernment, discretion-as-liberty and discretion-as-license.   In the discretion-as-judgment, discretion is perceived as the converse of routine or habitual practices. In line with this, discretion gives anyone knowledge, ideas, abilities and insights unexpectedly. Police are not soldiers that are commanded with orders. Police must be more objective and prudent in applying and materializing rules and must follow what the rule is all about. As discretion-as-choice, discretion includes forming of personal attachments, contribution, judgment calls and intellectual decisions. It is all about the ability of making own decisions and following your conscience and modification of superior’s decision if necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, discretion-as-discernment looked at discretion as not only making decisions or choices but also making good and virtuous decisions. Discernment is prudence, foresight tactfulness, tolerance, empathy and being discreet. In discretion-as-liberty, discretion is the authorization of being free to act and using this permission to broaden the rights and duties, which aim of vision of liberty and inalienable rights. Lastly, the discretion-as-license sees discretion as the contrary of standard prospect. It gives anybody the privilege to break the rules, defy your immediate superior, and be less than perfect all the time however maintaining good relationship with your superior or the common public. Furthermore, discretion not just like doing what you like what you want and what you prefer. Discretion is restricted by several norms of the society. Police discretion was a forbidden theme of conversation until 1956 when American Bar Foundation released a study about it. Even the study had showed such discretion, still nobody would admit it occurred or existed. The attitude of police toward legality of actions is that any variation from accepted flow of actions was considered extralegal and noted as somewhat source of corruption. When it was unveiled to public, people and other institutions like the American Friends Service Committee (1971) have called for its immediate abolishment and thus police authorities required a clampdown on the issue of discretion. Now, it is perceived as bad or good if used properly. The exercise of discretion was mainly not the problem however; there are cases that police discretion was abused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discretion is granted on police authorities for the purpose of serving the needs of the community and giving them the sense of protection they need. There are different types of police; legalistic, watchman or service style but the main point is how they structured and controlled discretion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     There are various causes of police discretion. One is an offender variable in which police accept seriously complaints made by mature individual than complaints made by youth. African Americans are more prone for arrest and force of police authorities. There are also cases that people who show good attitude to police is most likely to be treated mildly. People who are rich and influential and located at the upper class obtained special treatment from the police authorities. Mental status and gender is another factor that affects police on how to deal with different incident encountered. Another cause is situation variables in which police gave more importance serious crimes than minor ones. Usually, handling of deadly weapons or manifesting police resistance made police officers more reactive to situation. In addition, the essentiality of property involved in crime scene determines the efficiency of police response and investigatory actions towards it.   Police rarely acts upon complaints of citizen; they prioritize activities commenced by police administration.   Bureaucracy of police is more manifested with the presence of witnesses, media and the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police also has a tendency of becoming lenient when justice system was clogged and become stern when they need money. Size and structure of the department are directly proportional to the intensity of police discretion. Communities that have many resources and give more services to public tend police to employ no arrest system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover police has a belief that legislature have no aspiration of total enforcement, however what they believed is that politicians were making more appearances on the crime scenes portraying a good and sincere image to the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic violence, drunk driving, laziness, lack of faith in utility of arrest, hate crime, mental illness, vice crime and use of force are the different areas of discretion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic violence is one area where police abused. Instead of prosecuting husbands who battered their wives, police officers do nothing. Some police dealt more with mediation, counseling and social service referral. The reasons of such attitude of police are; they see domestic violence as a private matter, victims were usually uncooperative, apprehension of breadwinner would be a burden to the family and because male police favored male assailant. To avoid the burdens of court dates and paper works they used and abused the power of discretion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of force is another area where we can see how discretion maws structured and controlled. The force used by the police are only limited and reasonable for any situation. The use of force must be in total control in order to protect them from civil liability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police discretion is a double-edge sword that can be used for good or bad intentions or purposes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if we say that the relics of racial discrimination in law enforcement in the past is gone, we cannot take the fact that attempts to control police discretion do not guaranteed that there is no abuse of police discretion in the part of the enforcer. There were visible historic impetuses for controlling police discretion concerning racial discrimination but still do not assured of the objectivity of the police. We all know that discretion is some sort of making choices hence there would be a salient point that there is someone who would be the loser in the selection. In many cases, racial minorities, immigrants, young people and people who have different cultural and political views from majority group were always the losers. At the very first, the problem in granting police discretion and judicial control of discretion only gives law enforcement permission to target the least likely heard and sound complaints. This was truly manifested in heterogeneous communities and even in the homogeneous society. The next big question is that, â€Å"Are US police biased?†.   There are findings that police and justice system in the United States were not biased when it comes to race. For someone to be prisoner, there are four things that must first have to occur. Before a police arrest somebody, charges must be filed first, plead guilty, found him guilty of the crime, and sentenced him to prison. Definitely and certainly, racial discrimination cannot be observed in this situation. Blacks have certainly high chance of being arrested than any other race. In the statistics presented by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), black share a large percentage (about 27 percent) of apprehension cases which is quite amusing because they were only 13 percent of the total population of the United States. On the other hand white and Hispanics are accounted for the 71 percent of arrest cases but constitute 81 percent of the total population of America. If all crimes of various types were summed up, the chance of being arrested of a Blackman is twice of that of both white and Hispanics. They have a larger chance of being arrested for violent crimes and even much larger for robbery. Many people believed that Blacks are arrested so frequent because police are biased in targeting crime committers. They think police arrest them with no objective and legal reasons. Several laws have passed in order to correct what they think as abuse of authority. Conversely, police strongly say that they arrest a huge number of Blacks because they themselves commit a great number of criminals. The most objective way of looking the presence of police bias is to have a comparison between the proportion of Black criminals and the proportion of arrested Black suspects. If in case equal, it is a positive indication that police are fair in exercising their authority. The UCR and  Ã‚   the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) have recorded the most current data regarding the different crimes done to victims and the number of arrest of those various crimes. However, the data do not represent the actual occurrence of crimes; instead, a smaller number of arrests were recorded.   NCVS conducted data extrapolation and showed the estimation of the actual number of crimes in the United States annually. From 2001 to 2003, approximately 1.8 robberies have occurred. Similarly, UCR reported that police arrested about 229,000 for robbery. Before a police makes an arrest, one must tell them of the crime hence the most applicable manner of to assess whether there exist biasness in law enforcement by the police is really the comparison between the proportion of Black criminals and the proportion of arrested Black suspects. The data showed that 55 percent of the offenders in robbery cases were all black and 55.4 percent of the robbers were reported to the police were black. In line with this, 54.1 percent of the robbers subjected for apprehension were black. Actually, police arrests fewer blacks than what is expected. In other crimes such as burglary, 45 percent of black crime committers were reported however, only 28 percent of arrested suspects were actually black. When all the crimes are collected, blacks have a 26 percent less chance of being arrested than any other races.   These facts do not support the charges against them instead it imply the opposite; the police are more rigorous in non-black apprehension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victims are asked to give description of their perpetrators and sometimes victims do not identify Hispanic suspects correctly. They somehow categorized them as either Asian or Indian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Victims are most likely to call the attention of the enforcer if the crime committer has gun or any weapon at hand. Usually, blacks handled guns and knives more frequently than any race did, thus more crimes were associated with blacks. Moreover, even on the same crime category, blacks are committing serious offenses; therefore, even though they constitute only thirteen percent of the total population of the United States, they commit a large number of crimes than anybody else (based on data gathered by NCVS).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blacks have a higher possibility of stealing cars. The National Incident-Based System (NIBRS) is a database wherein you can use it to make clear comparisons between race of offenders reported and number of each race arrested. Four thousand seven hundred twenty six police departments in 23 states have detailed all crimes known to them including information about the race of the criminal involved and the race of arrested criminals. The data presented represent less than 20 percent of American population and a 15 percent of total crimes occurred in all the states in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, violent interracial crimes involved 85 percent of blacks while whites only contribute 15 percent of the crime. Blacks commit more interracial crimes and hate crimes against white (about 45 percent) than blacks do. A very shocking and striking statistics showed that blacks are 39 times more possibly to be involved in crimes on white than whites committing crimes against black. Blacks commit robbery above a hundred times. Clearly, from these arguments we can conclude that police was not really biased when enforcing law and authority towards race. Still there are many believed that there exist racial discrimination in exercising police discretion. Racial separation and discrimination are still visible in the United States.   It seemed that African American and other colored people are not truly accepted in the American community. Racial discrimination (not only with blacks) is deeply seen in the enforcement of laws and judicial process. Muslims felt this kind of unfairness since the September 11 bombings and attacks. Associated Press has reported cases of Muslim discrimination in United States. In November 2006, 6 Muslims who came from a conference have removed from the airport, handcuffed and interrogated by airlines enforcers because of a false alarm from a passenger. Investigation was conducted and found out that the airlines had unlawfully taken out the six Muslims. Another instance is the Latino and African-American motorist in Los Angeles were most likely to be questioned and subjected for vehicle inspections than whites. Racial discrimination was manifested in judicial processes and procedures in the United States. In fact, blacks usually received a more severe and harsh punishment than whites. Based on statistics taken by the National Urban League, male blacks were sentenced longer than any white man was. Forty percent of male black prisoners condemned to more than a single year of imprisonment while 20 percent were Latin Americans. The number of black prisoners was about 7 times that of white inmates and the number Latin Americans were 2.5 times higher than that of white.   In addition, it showed that blacks have the higher probability of being imprisoned or jailed than whites. This racial bias has resulted to hate crimes. A relatively high increase of the racist and neo-Nazi groups has occurred for five years and hate crimes continuously stretching within America. Study showed that crime committers were mainly motivated by racial bias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human rights violation by law enforcement and judicial system is also a frequent and widespread situation in several parts of the United States. The enforcer seriously abuses police discretion. Reports from Human Rights Watch told that since September 11 attacks, more than 70 men were put in prison without any criminal charges. Moreover, reports from the Washington Post said that complaints against New York Police Department have augmented by 60 percent in the span of four years. A study conducted by Professor Craig Futterman of the University of Chicago stated that 662 out of 13,500 Chicago police enforcer have received each more than ten complaints. In line with this, four police were arrested for false arrest. Two former inmates of Cook County Jail complained of physical injuries got from jail guards. Michael Mejia was handcuffed by guards and banged his face on the wall. Guards also received complaints from allegation of kicking and stomping of prisoners. Nevertheless, officials of the jail’s internal affairs division did not act on those complaints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Judicial injustice in the United States is quite alarming. There are cases reported that offenders were put to prison without proving guilty of the crime or even conducted house arrests without formal proceedings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faulty cases and frame-up were observed in the United States. Investigations and reviews showed that 328 criminal cases were all frame-up and thus implied that a relatively high number of prisoners were innocent of the allegation. A man who was alleged and jailed for rape asked for a DNA test but police declined his request. After the September 11 attacks, 6,472 individuals were subjected to prosecution on terrorism-related cases. Many arrested individuals prior to terrorism charges have freed from charges because of insufficient evidences.  Ã‚   Sixty four percent of them were proven innocent and an added 9 percent of were dismissed by prosecutors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States has recorded a highest number of prisoners in the world. There are actually 2.2 million of prisoners in the municipal jails. The US correctional have recorded 7 million prisoners both men and women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abuse and mistreatment is common to US jails. In fact, the United States is the only nation in the world that used dogs to punish and scare inmates in the prison. They used these dogs aggressively and uncompromisingly to attack and assault prisoners to take out prisoners in the cell. The Human Rights Watch reported that Connecticut prisons were subjected of using dogs twenty times just to remove prisoners in cell. There are also reported cases of abuse of illegal immigrant in US. Those immigrants that were mistreated by police and suffered from hunger and eventually committed suicide. Another abuse case is improper housing of prisoners in different jails. The United States have 60 prisons, which houses a couple of thousand inmates. The inmates were jailed in a very small area, which is not well ventilated. Due to this situation, inmates become eventually insane and mentally ill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some primary rights of prisoners were removed from them. For instance, their right to vote was deprived from them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disease and crimes were rampant in many jails in the United States. Based on records from the United States Department of Justice, 50 percent of the total prisoners in the United States have suffered from mental illness such as melancholia, mania and hallucination. Over a million prisoners that are released annually have a very contagious and infectious disease. In line with this, a rate of 7000 prisoners per annum died in US prisons. Majority of the deaths recorded were caused by mental illness, which was untreated and left undetected. Aside from this, prisoners also suffered from basic ailments like colds and other virus-infected diseases. In the 2004 survey, the number of AIDS infected prisoners in federal jails increased by almost a thousand, which is relatively higher than the rate in US population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In connection to AIDS problem, sexual assaults were rampant in various prisons in the United States. Thirteen percent prisoners in US prisons experienced sexual abuse from police enforcer. Approximately 200,000 inmates were abused sexually and has a tendency of becoming victims of sexual assaults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here manifestation of racial discrimination, religion discrimination and human rights violation were observed. Blacks were often discriminated when it comes to law enforcement and policing in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two sides of police discretion were presented. One is that police are not biased and they just do their intended job. The other side is the abuse of police authority and power that is reflected by the complaints of different assaults and racial discrimination. Nevertheless, whichever is correct is not the idea but the real point here is that how effective the enforcement of law and justice in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We see that police enforcement was not so effective in dealing with criminal acts. Many criminals were not really punished by law instead the innocent one suffered from it. In the past until the present, law enforcement is still weak in giving justice to anybody and now is the right time of altering the judicial system in United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discretion is not doing anything that you want. Discretion is delimited by norms of the society in which police must conform. Police discretion is somehow good if used in good intension. Police discretion became evil only if abuse by cruel authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police discretion enforces law to have a harmonious society with no trace of criminal acts but if not used properly this would bring more chaos to the community. Work Cited   Feng, Cheng. Full Text: The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2006, On Human Rights Violations by Law Enforcement and Judicial Departments.Gov cn. 8 March   2007. 10 December 2007 < http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-03/08/content_545466_2.htm>. Feng, Cheng. Full Text: The Human Rights Record of the United States in 2006, Racial Discrimination.Gov cn. 8 March   2007. 10 December 2007 < http://www.gov.cn/misc/2007-03/08/content_545466_5.htm >. Free M. D.Racial Issues in Criminal Justice: The Case of African Americans. Monsey, New York: Criminal Justice Press. March 2005. 10 December 2007 . Injustice in America. Jeremiah Project. 10 December 2007 < http://www.jeremiahproject. com/prophecy/justice02.html>. â€Å"Police Discretion†. Syllabus for JUS 205MegaLinks in Criminal Justice.   6 January 2004. 10 December 2007 < http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOConnor/205/205lect09.htm>.   The Color of Crime: Race, Crime and Violence in America. New Century Foundation. 1999. 10 December 2007 < http://www.nc-f.org/colorcrime99.pdf>.